One of the early challenges in the history of art materials was the transformation of vegetable dyes into pigments, often by a process known as laking. Because painting was centred on workshops and was administered by exclusive guilds, the empirical secrets of good craftsmanship were passed on orally, from master to apprentice, and few attempts were made to compile and promulgate good practice. Among the first to write about these was Cennino Cennini, in about 1400, who gave lengthy advice on problems well known at that time. Painters have long been concerned over their materials, including changes occurring in the colour of some pigments over time.
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